Buprenorphine Addiction | Definition, Symptoms and Effects

Buprenorphine is a medication derived from thebaine, an alkaloid found in the opium poppy. It is primarily used to treat opioid dependence and manage pain, offering a safer alternative to stronger opioids like heroin or methadone. In the UK, buprenorphine is a controlled substance, legally prescribed by healthcare professionals as part of opioid addiction treatment.

How is buprenorphine used to treat opioid addiction?

Buprenorphine is used in opioid addiction treatment as part of a medication-assisted therapy (MAT) approach. It works by reducing cravings and withdrawal symptoms without providing the same high that opioids like heroin or prescription painkillers deliver. Here’s how it helps:

Partial opioid agonist: Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist, meaning it binds to opioid receptors in the brain but activates them less than full agonists like heroin or methadone. This reduces cravings and withdrawal symptoms while limiting the potential for abuse.
Ceiling effect: Unlike full opioid agonists, buprenorphine has a ceiling effect, meaning that after a certain dose, taking more will not increase its effects. This makes it safer and reduces the risk of overdose.
Stabilisation: Buprenorphine helps stabilise the patient by reducing opioid cravings and withdrawal symptoms, allowing them to focus on therapy and recovery without the constant struggle of physical dependency.
Maintenance or detox: Buprenorphine can be used as part of a long-term maintenance plan or to gradually taper the individual off opioids entirely, depending on the treatment plan and individual needs.

Is buprenorphine addictive?

Buprenorphine has been extremely useful in treating opioid use disorder (OUD) and managing pain, but it’s not without its risks. While it’s seen as safer than opioids like heroin or morphine due to its lower abuse potential, buprenorphine can still be misused, leading to physical dependence and addiction.

One of the main reasons for misuse is when people take it in ways that aren’t prescribed, i.e. crushing, snorting or injecting to boost its effects. Although buprenorphine has a ceiling effect, which limits the high it can produce, this doesn’t fully eliminate the risk of addiction. Misusing it can still result in physical dependence, much like other opioids and there’s increasing concern about overdose deaths linked to buprenorphine, particularly when it’s mixed with alcohol.

In England and Wales, there has been a notable rise in drug poisoning deaths involving buprenorphine since 2002. While cases were minimal in the early 2000s, the numbers increased, reaching a peak of 51 deaths in 2021 before slightly declining to 42 in 2022. This worrying trend highlights the dangers of misusing buprenorphine, especially when it’s diverted for non-medical use.

What are the signs of buprenorphine addiction?

It’s crucial to recognise the signs of buprenorphine addiction, whether it’s in yourself or someone you care about. Early detection of addiction allows for timely intervention, preventing the situation from worsening and helping those affected regain control over their lives. Understanding the different ways buprenorphine addiction can manifest — physically, psychologically and behaviourally — is key to seeking the right help and moving toward recovery.

Physical signs

Tolerance and withdrawal symptoms: Needing higher doses to achieve the same effect or experiencing withdrawal symptoms like nausea, sweating or muscle aches when not taking buprenorphine.
Drowsiness and fatigue: Unexplained tiredness or frequent bouts of drowsiness, especially during the day.
Changes in sleep patterns: Difficulty sleeping or, conversely, sleeping for unusually long periods.
Weight fluctuations: Noticeable weight gain or loss, potentially linked to changes in appetite.

Psychological signs

Cravings: An overwhelming desire to use buprenorphine, often leading to prioritising it over other responsibilities or interests.
Mood swings: Rapid shifts in mood, such as irritability, anxiety or depression, particularly when the drug is unavailable.
Cognitive impairment: Trouble with concentration, decision-making or memory, making it difficult to complete tasks or stay focused.
Denial: Refusal to acknowledge that the drug is becoming a problem despite evidence to the contrary.

Behavioural signs

Doctor shopping: Visiting multiple doctors or exaggerating symptoms to obtain more prescriptions for buprenorphine.
Neglecting responsibilities: A decline in work performance, missing family events or failing to meet social obligations.
Secretive behaviour: Acting more secretive about daily activities, hiding medications or becoming defensive when questioned.
Financial strain: Spending more money on acquiring buprenorphine potentially leading to borrowing or stealing to fund the habit.

How is buprenorphine addiction treated at Primrose Lodge?

At Primrose Lodge, treating Buprenorphine addiction involves a comprehensive and carefully structured programme that addresses both the physical dependency and the emotional aspects of addiction. Our aim is to provide a holistic and effective route to recovery through various treatment phases.

Buprenorphine detox

The first step at Primrose Lodge is a medically supervised detox. This phase is designed to ensure a safe and comfortable transition through withdrawal, with 24/7 support from our dedicated healthcare team. We focus on alleviating withdrawal symptoms and closely monitor your progress to ensure a smooth experience during this challenging stage.

Therapy

Once detox is complete, the next phase focuses on addressing the psychological aspects of Buprenorphine addiction. At Primrose Lodge, we offer a wide variety of therapeutic methods, including evidence-based approaches like Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) and Dialectical Behaviour Therapy (DBT). We also incorporate holistic treatments such as mindfulness, yoga and art therapy to nurture the mind, body and spirit. This multifaceted approach ensures that every individual receives a well-rounded and personalised treatment experience.

Aftercare support

We understand that recovery is an ongoing journey and our aftercare support programme is designed to help you maintain sobriety even after you leave Primrose Lodge. Our aftercare services include continued therapy sessions, access to support groups and a comprehensive plan tailored to ease your transition back into daily life while keeping your recovery on track.

What’s next?

If you’re struggling with Buprenorphine addiction, know that help is available at Primrose Lodge. Our compassionate team is ready to guide you through a safe detox and provide the therapeutic support needed for lasting recovery. Your journey to a healthier, addiction-free life can begin today. Contact Primrose Lodge now to take the first step towards regaining control and embracing a brighter future.

Frequently Asked Questions

Are there other names for buprenorphine?

Buprenorphine is sold under several brand names, including Subutex, Suboxone (when combined with naloxone) and Temgesic. It is often prescribed as a treatment for opioid addiction and chronic pain. These names vary depending on the country and formulation.

Is it possible to overdose on buprenorphine?

Yes, while buprenorphine has a ceiling effect that limits its opioid-like effects, an overdose can still occur, especially if taken with other substances like alcohol, benzodiazepines or opioids. Overdose can cause dangerous breathing difficulties and requires immediate medical attention.

Can you die from buprenorphine addiction?

Buprenorphine addiction can be fatal, especially when mixed with other depressants. Prolonged misuse can lead to severe health issues, including respiratory failure and overdose. Seeking professional help is crucial to managing and overcoming buprenorphine addiction safely.

(Click here to see works cited)

Stewart, Conor. “Buprenorphine Drug Deaths England & Wales 2022.” Statista, 29 Jan. 2024, www.statista.com/statistics/470916/death-by-buprenorphine-drug-poisoning-in-england-and-wales/.