GHB Addiction | Definition, Symptoms and Effects

GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate) is a central nervous system depressant that is sometimes used recreationally for its euphoric and sedative effects. GHB has gained notoriety as a date rape drug due to its ability to cause memory loss and unconsciousness, especially when mixed with alcohol. Its use in this way has led to serious legal restrictions in many countries, including the UK and US.

Why do people take GHB?

It can be hard to understand why people would take GHB, especially when it’s often linked to its use as a date rape drug. However, there are several reasons why individuals may choose to use it recreationally.

One of the main reasons is the euphoric feeling it creates. GHB can bring on a sense of relaxation and well-being, similar to alcohol or sedatives, which makes it appealing in social settings. Users often feel more at ease, with lowered inhibitions and an enhanced mood, which can lead to a more carefree and enjoyable experience.

GHB is also frequently used in what’s known as chemsex, which is the practice of taking drugs to intensify sexual experiences. GHB is popular in these situations because it can heighten sexual arousal, prolong activity and help users feel more confident or relaxed in sexual encounters. However, this comes with significant risks, including overdose, unconsciousness and dangerous interactions with other substances, especially alcohol.

Is GHB addictive?

GHB is addictive primarily because of how it interacts with the brain’s neurotransmitters, especially by stimulating the release of dopamine and activating GABA receptors. This creates feelings of euphoria, relaxation and well-being, which can lead to repeated use. Over time, the brain becomes reliant on the drug to maintain these pleasurable effects, leading to tolerance, where higher doses are needed to achieve the same result.

Additionally, GHB’s short duration of action increases the likelihood of repeated dosing, which contributes to the risk of addiction.

Is recreational GHB usage an issue?

Although GHB use is less common than many other substance use disorders, its impact can be disproportionately severe. In fact, GHB is responsible for approximately 12% of drug-related emergency care cases in Europe, largely due to its narrow margin of safety. This makes accidental overdoses a frequent and dangerous risk.

The unpredictability of these symptoms, combined with the drug’s potential for rapid dependence, highlights just how serious GHB addiction can become. Its detrimental effects on both cognitive and physical health, coupled with its significant role in emergency hospital visits, further emphasise the urgent need for increased awareness and effective treatment options.

What are the signs of a GHB addiction?

Recognising the signs of GHB addiction is crucial, whether you are concerned about yourself or someone close to you. Early recognition allows for quicker intervention, increasing the chances of successful treatment and recovery.

By familiarising yourself with GHB addiction indicators, you can take the first step toward addressing the problem and seeking the help that’s needed.

Physical signs

Drowsiness or fatigue: Persistent feelings of tiredness, even after adequate rest.
Muscle relaxation: Noticeable lack of tension or strength in muscles.
Nausea and vomiting: Especially after use, withdrawal or in larger doses.
Sweating: Unexplained and excessive sweating.
Seizures: In severe cases, GHB misuse can lead to seizures.
Slurred speech: Difficulty in speaking clearly.
Loss of coordination: Struggles with balance and motor skills.

Psychological signs

Mood swings: Sudden and extreme changes in mood, ranging from euphoria to depression.
Anxiety: Heightened levels of anxiety, especially when not using GHB.
Cravings: A strong and compulsive desire to use GHB.
Memory loss: Gaps in memory, particularly surrounding periods of GHB use (blackouts).
Paranoia: Unfounded feelings of being watched or persecuted.

Behavioural signs

Neglecting responsibilities: Ignoring work, school or personal obligations.
Social withdrawal: Avoiding friends, family or usual activities in favour of GHB use.
Risky behaviours: Engaging in unsafe practices, such as driving while under the influence or combining GHB with other substances.
Increased use: Gradually increasing the dose or frequency of GHB consumption to achieve the same effects.
Secretive use: Hiding GHB use from others or using it in secret.

Do I have a GHB addiction?

Addiction in any form has a habit of clouding judgement, often leading people to downplay the severity of their situation. This can, in turn, create a deeper path into addiction and a multitude of related issues. If you’re concerned about whether you might have a GHB addiction, it’s important to self-assess with honesty. The earlier you address these concerns, the better your chances of finding help and avoiding further complications.

To make sure you’re not showing any signs of GHB addiction, start by asking yourself the following questions:

Do you feel a need to use GHB more frequently than before to achieve the same effects?
Have you attempted to cut down or stop using GHB but found it difficult or impossible to do so?
Do you spend a lot of time obtaining, using or recovering from the effects of GHB?
Have you continued to use GHB despite knowing it’s causing problems in your personal, social or professional life?
Do you experience cravings or urges to use GHB when you are not under its influence?
Have you noticed any withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, tremors or insomnia, when you attempt to stop using GHB?

If you find yourself answering ‘yes’ to any of these questions, it may be time to consider seeking help to address a possible GHB addiction.

Where can I find help for GHB addiction?

At Primrose Lodge, we understand how overwhelming it can feel to battle a GHB addiction, but you’re not alone. Our specialised GHB addiction programme starts with a comprehensive initial assessment, where we take the time to understand your personal situation. This allows us to design a tailored treatment plan just for you.

The next step is detox, where our experienced medical team will help you manage withdrawal symptoms in a safe, supportive environment. Detox is vital to clear your body of GHB, allowing you to begin the therapeutic process with clarity.

Therapy is the core of our programme. Our compassionate therapists will work with you to uncover the root causes of your addiction and equip you with healthier coping mechanisms. A variety of therapeutic approaches are used to support your recovery.

Finally, our aftercare services ensure you have continued support long after you leave Primrose Lodge. We’re here to help you maintain your progress and prevent relapse.

What’s next?

If you’re battling GHB addiction, Primrose Lodge provides expert care through a tailored addiction treatment programme. Our compassionate team supports you with detox, therapy and aftercare to help you reclaim your life. Reach out today for more information and take the first step toward lasting recovery.

Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between GHB and GBL?

GHB (Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate) is a substance often used recreationally and medically. GBL (Gamma-Butyrolactone) is a chemical precursor to GHB, meaning it converts into GHB once ingested. While both have similar effects, GBL is more potent and faster-acting, which increases its potential for abuse and harm.

Is it possible to overdose on GHB?

Yes, it is possible to overdose on GHB. Overdoses can result from taking too much GHB, especially when mixed with alcohol or other depressants. Symptoms of overdose include unconsciousness, slowed breathing, seizures and vomiting, requiring immediate medical attention to prevent potentially fatal outcomes.

Can you die from a GHB addiction?

Yes, GHB addiction can be fatal, particularly due to overdose or dangerous withdrawal symptoms. Regular use increases the risk of developing a tolerance, leading to higher doses, which can result in respiratory depression, coma or death.

(Click here to see works cited)

Shearing, Hazel. “GHB: The Drug Used as a ‘Rapist’s Weapon of Choice.’” BBC News, BBC, 6 Jan. 2020, www.bbc.com/news/uk-51006504.
“Drugs Associated with Chemsex.” NHS Choices, NHS, www.sexualhealthsheffield.nhs.uk/info-and-advice/chemsex/drugs-associated-with-chemsex/. Accessed 13 Sept. 2024.
Le JK, Richards JR. Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate Toxicity. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK430781/
Wolf CJH, Beurmanjer H, Dijkstra BAG, Geerlings AC, Spoelder M, Homberg JR, Schellekens AFA. Characterization of the GHB Withdrawal Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2021 May 26;10(11):2333. doi: 10.3390/jcm10112333. PMID: 34073640; PMCID: PMC8199158.

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